There's likely a high pressure oil leak. Take the valve cover off and crank it. Does oil flow out from around an injector? If there is, it's blown an upper injector o-ring.
It's also possible to blow an o-ring between the oil and fuel galleries. This will make the oil level drop and turn the...
Wheels don't just fall off. The lug nuts weren't torqued correctly. The lug nuts should be torqued to 450-500lb/ft. The shiny areas on the wheel and hub are from the wheels shifting.
Some trucks are spec'd differently. If you have tons of electrical accessories, like a sleeper with bunk batteries, you may want a higher output alternator. All the ones you listed should work.
Do you ever hear the fan clutch engage? The fan will roar. Fan clutch failure is somewhat common. While you're in there, make sure the radiator fins aren't clogged. They can get caked with dust.
The cover comes off with two torx screws under the steering wheel. Loosen them completely and jiggle the cover a lot.
I've seen a number of older trucks have the horn ring contact wear away enough to stop making contact.
If it's got black smoke coming out of the tailpipe, the DPF is toast. The injectors deteriorate, over fuel, and the excess fuel causes DPF meltdown. There's more to it than that, but visible black smoke is pretty damning
There is a hydraulic fluid reservoir at the left rear of the engine bay for the booster pump. The reservoir stains and is impossible to see the actual fluid level through the gauge on the reservoir. This reservoir gets Dexron III atf. It'll alarm if the level gets low.
Pumping the brake pedal...