The Sprinter's Oil Quality Sensor (the ASSYST settings in the computer, actually) is indeed calibrated specifically to Mobile 1 0W-40 synthetic oil, but MB says any synthetic oil on The List will also work. Regardless of which synthetic you use, at RLENT said it will err on the side of caution and tell you to change oil well before you really need to. I haven't done one in a while, but every oil analysis I had done showed that 20,000 between oil changes was very doable. Probably not on a single filter, tho. I change my filter every 7500 miles or so, and have only once gone more than 10,000 miles (it was 11,500) on a single filter.
There was a short period of time (about 6 months) where Shell Rotella T was the initial fill, and MB stated that particular dino oil was the only one that the ASSYST would work reliably with. But they then moved back to Mobile 1, so I'm not sure if the Rotella T did, in fact, work with the ASSYST as advertised.
Piper:
The MB Spec for 06 and earlier Sprinters is 229.5, and the new oil is 229.51. The older Sprinters actually have four different specs that can be used, as per The List:
228.3
228.5
229.3
229.5
Mobile 1 0W-40 is both a 229.5 and a 229.3 MB spec oil.
I think the 07 and later manual lists MB 228.51, 229.3, 229.31, 229.5 and 229.51 as the oil spec, but you have to be careful with that, as the gasoline engines in the new Sprinters can use those spec oils, but the new diesel engines need the 229.51 spec oil (anything ending in .x1 is fine for the diesels, but the .51 is preferred).
One has to remember that the Sprinter, later models in particular (and many other vehicles more and more), are a complicated system as a whole, and not just an engine. The oil has a more direct effect on the engine, to be sure, but it also has a direct effect on everything from the many various and sundry sensors to the EGR valve to the DPF. Using the wrong oil may very well have no discernible detrimental effect on the engine, but it may be royally mucking up the EGR valve, the DPF filter, the O2 sensor, lots of things. Stick to The List. Always stick to The List.